Impacts of low cost airlines in Singapore

Effects of minimal effort aircrafts in Singapore What effects have the ease aircrafts had on the travel industry item in Singapore? Think about this from a purchaser point of view and a provider viewpoint; for example hoteliers. Presentation The travel industry related exercises have change and developed in various methods of grouping the business have risen. It has additionally advanced as endeavors have been made to put a title on a hard to characterize gathering of normally related assistance exercises and members. The exercises attempted during their stay in those goals, and the offices made to oblige their requirements is impermanent development of individuals to goals outside their typical work environment and living arrangements. History of Low cost bearer The primary aircraft that made the idea of a minimal effort aircraft is Southwest Airline, an American residential transporter which propelled its trip on 18 June 1971. The aircraft was made to furnish purchasers with modest airfares. The production of ease transporters end up being alluring to purchasers, and furthermore a danger to premium carriers as they had the option to offer less expensive airfares when contrasted with the full cost aircrafts. With its exceptional marking of air attendants in hot jeans and white boots, Southwest’s idea was replicated the world over. More individuals started to see the accomplishment in the idea of minimal effort transporters, and the market for ease bearers started to exhaust. The business for minimal effort bearers has become essentially over the previous decade. As indicated by an Airline Business minimal effort aircraft study done in 2011, ease bearers â€Å"carried about 640 million travelers in 2010†. Ease bearer in Singapore In Singapore, there are three ease bearers based here, and an aggregate of 6 minimal effort transporters that have tasks in the nation. The pioneer minimal effort aircraft in Singapore is Tigerair, recently known as Tiger Airways. The spending transporter was set up in 2004, and has from that point forward become the greatest minimal effort bearer, and second greatest carrier in Singapore starting at 29 April 2010. Jetstar Asia, which was set up not long after Tigerair in 2004, is additionally one of the carriers situated in Singapore. As these minimal effort transporters have figured out how to make another market, customary aircrafts are progressively disposed to make an ease bearer as auxiliary in order to keep up or even increment its piece of the overall industry. Therefore, aircrafts, for example, Scoot were made. Hurry is a minimal effort transporter built up by Singapore Airlines, to offer nitty gritty, low-admission trips for medium and long stretch courses. When all is said in done, minimal effort bearers positively affect the movement business. While it might negatively affect premium aircrafts, minimal effort bearers have figured out how to build the benefit of the travel industry. This is on the grounds that travelers who have been reluctant or unfit to manage the cost of the conventional full-ornamentation airfares currently have the choice to fly at a lower airfare. In Singapore, the development of the ease aircraft industry has expanded such a great amount throughout the years, there was a spending terminal constructed uniquely for minimal effort transporters. Be that as it may, as there is still a lot of potential for minimal effort bearers to grow, the Singapore government has chosen to tear down the spending terminal and manufacture another Terminal 4, so as to give travelers the best understanding. This is an unmistakable proof that demonstrates that minimal effort transporters have become a powerful section here in Singapore. Jetstar Asia had booked 37 trips to Singapore on February 12, 2014, on a normal 1.5 hours a flight arrival in Singapore which is visit. This is one of the motivation behind why Singapore Changi International Airport positioned fifteenth on the planet busiest air terminal 2013 with the travelers of 51,181,804 out of 2012. Shopper point of view At the point when the spending aircraft idea initially propelled, numerous customers regard it’s perilous, and in any event, flying without systems of support. A couple of years not far off, an ever increasing number of customers are picking ease bearer as their best option when flying abroad. The word financial plan infers something made inexpensively, absent a lot of worry for quality, yet the response to this is no. Spending carriers are no less sheltered than some other aircraft, compromising on wellbeing could totally destroy their business. A portion of their cost-cutting measures even increment wellbeing. The greatest contrasts between ease bearer and undeniable transporter are that minimal effort bearer plane is littler than undeniable transporter plane, and on-board providing food must be paid additional when flying with spending carriers, additional costs mean the nature of the food is frequently acceptable or surprisingly better than the normal aircrafts. Customers are prescribed to take a gander at concealed additional charges and what is the exceptional offers which standard carriers have before they book the flights. Customers who are flying short separation may want to fly with spending carrier as they may find that the extra administrations of a conventional aircraft are repetitive. Not all travelers taking minimal effort bearers are spending voyager, since some are taking short course flight, and they simply need a seat to travel to certain nation. 40% of the explorers are visiting companions or family members, 37% for get-away or relaxation, 20% for business and 3% of other reason. Meaning of the travel industry item It is the consideration of an entire the travel industry bundle to meet the clients’ desires. These would incorporate convenience, the travel industry, suppers, amusement, and transport among others. It tends to be separated into a neighborhood item to urge the residents to partake or global items for income assortment. 5 Advantages of visit bundle Accommodation †Traveler doesn't have to invest a great deal of energy choosing what to do and which provider to utilize. The dynamic procedure will be abbreviated. One-quit shopping †One installment takes care of the expense and desk work of at least two administrations which made purchasing process simpler. The voyager is permitted to know how much the outing will cost since comprehensive visit can be viewed as for all intents and purposes money free Cost investment funds †Tour bundles will be increasingly costly if the traveler were to purchase all the components independently, visit bunch can ready to get exceptional markdown and this cost sparing will be passed on the visitors since they can exploit volume rebate directly from the providers. Extraordinary treatment †Tour part will get favored treatment as the volume of business visit administrator speak to support provider. Take for instance that visit bunch individuals only occasionally remain in the long line or under the blistering sun, transport are park close from the passages to attractions and when they showed up, the hotelier will pre-registration the visit gatherings, and they just pass them the lodging key. Effortless †The visit work force will deal with issues and subtleties permitting the voyagers to focus on the encounters and the new world around them when going on a facilitated or accompanied visit. Financial effects At the point when voyagers from another nation buy products and enterprises inside Singapore, the travel industry goes about as a fare industry by acquiring incomes from outside sources. Travelers’ consumptions likewise increment the general degree of financial action in the host network from numerous points of view, direct and in a roundabout way, the two most obvious being making new position openings and salary. Duties gathered by government will likewise increment with the more significant level of monetary movement. There are a few factors that can impact the degree of the travel industry exercises

HP Case Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HP Case Paper - Essay Example HP likewise laid accentuation on separation, steady change, and making a brand family, just as offering extra administrations and embellishments. For value, HP has presented a wide scope of serious estimating dependent on the separation of items. This has seen an expanded edge for retailers and wholesalers through the packaging of extras and administrations (Kotler 394). For the advancement component of the showcasing blend, HP, throughout the years, has concentrated more on the making of a brand character on the organization and items. In this manner, they changed their technique to pull based from push based, with more noteworthy spending actualized on deals advancement and publicizing (Kotler 391). At long last, for the spot component, HP has started to offer better terms of installment, just as greater amount on limits for the vendors. Due to the improved relationship with the sellers, HP has expanded its number of full time retailers to 750 from 350, just as loading extra 1050 v endors for a segment of their line. Talk about two ideas shrouded in the section that best identify with this case and how? Social showcasing is the appropriation and adjustment of procedures, foundations and business advertising exercises as an approach to instigate conduct change among the objective market on a lasting or impermanent premise so as to accomplish its social objective (Kotler 395). It includes the acceptance of a methodology of authority, which includes conscious utilization of influence and impact to move the objective market to a strategy that is progressively explicit. For the social advertising idea, the organization ought to consider the drawn out interests of the general public and think about the requirements and needs of the clients. HP has given its responsibility focused on definitely chopping down their effect on nature. HP has dealt with the effect of its vitality needs by means of the estimation of GHG outflows, which their day by day tasks produce throu gh their utilization of power and by their every day activities. The selling idea is the thought that the client won't accepting something naturally at the same time, rather, it should be offered to them (Kotler 396). This implies a convincing deals associate or advert that tells the client of the manners in which the item will change their lives, which could make them purchase an item that they don't want. The purchaser won't buy enough items from the association until they attempt limited time selling. Shoppers are inactive and expect prodding to purchase through change of their idle need to a buying thought process by means of selling and influential activity. Hp comprehends the needs and needs of the client and, in this manner, clients won't buy their items except if they are advanced and sold. Henceforth, HP has put expanded spotlight on the production of deals exchanges by directing standard advancements, which are planned for pulling in clients, just as expanding the truncati on of deals. Which of the business power structures portrayed in the content best depicts HP’s structure? HP uses an isolated purchaser deals power as its business power structure. In decentralized associations, field team leads do the ordinary tasks of the association, just as bearing obligation regarding their business staff execution (Kotler 392). The business power additionally comprises of a blend of master generalist salespersons. Be that as it may, the workers don't make the entirety of the company’s deals; the company’s deals power structure uses locally established phone salespeople. They additionally have autonomous deals operators on contract who direct their deals specifically geographic zones. What are the positive and negative parts of HP’s new deals power struc

Art History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Craftsmanship History - Essay Example es of war in this manner helping at that point to ingrain the craving just as the dedication of completion war, working on the whole for harmony and security in the general public. Visual expressions like works of art and models are for the most part considered for this situation. The greater part of the considered artistic creations and carvings are found to portray a crossing point of harmony history and chronicled craftsmanship. One of the chronicled expressions is the Standard of Ur, which depends on the ancient workmanship style of Mesopotamia. This Sumerian antique was unearthed from a regal graveyard with Ur, an antiquated city in the current Iraq. The principle subject introduced in this chronicled bit of craftsmanship is the advancement of harmony and cultural security. This subject is ascribed to the portrayed war and security scenes. The capacity of this bit of craftsmanship has been proposed to be a normalized group of keeping harmony and security during the time it was made around 4,500 years prior. A few proposals have likewise been raised that it was a chest for putting away assets for use in works related with fighting or even connected with common and strict exercises. By and by, the scenes appear to show unity in a war towards securing the general public. Side mosaics are a piece of the ancient style applied to show the war sides just as the harmony side. The main line of compositions appear to portray the arrangement to war, the subsequent one delineating the development to the war, and afterward a triumphant festival of having vanquished the adversary to advance harmony and security. The visual workmanship is viewed as corresponding with merism, which is artistic gadget utilized by Sumerians to depict the totality of circumstances by blending the predominant inverse ideas (Kleiner 24). Another bit of workmanship is the Funerary Mask, which is an old Greek relic found at Mycenae. The topic introduced by the cover is that of death of an unbelievable Greek pioneer. This antiquity is as demonstrated as follows: As a pioneer, his prevalence of being in a situation over keep up harmony and security through his position

The Age of Exploration Essay -- essays research papers

The craving to investigate the obscure has been a main thrust in mankind's history since the beginning of time. From the soonest reported records, antiquated developments have investigated their general surroundings. Early undertakings were propelled by strict convictions, a longing for victory, the requirement for exchange, and an unacceptable strive after gold. The incomparable Age of Exploration, starting in the late 1400s, was a significant period in the revelation and advancement of terrains yet obscure to the Europeans. During this period, Europe looked for new ocean courses to Asia in quest for monetary addition, expanded greatness, and chances to spread Christianity. In spite of the fact that these were inspirations for wayfarers, the effect from the revelations brought about huge changes and accomplishments that made prospects and opened a window to another world for the entirety of Europe. On the off chance that were not for the superpowers of Spain, Portugal, England, Fran ce, and the Netherlands, the world as we probably am aware it would not exist.      Leading the route in the investigation of the world was the country of Spain with a man named Christopher Columbus. Initially planning to discover an eastwardly exchange course to Asia, Columbus accidently found the Americas. At the point when expression of this â€Å"New World† arrived at Europe, it basically began race between the Nations there to guarantee there own bit of it. Spain proceeded with their investigation there and quickly guaranteed numerous assets and grounds, yet one thing was thwarting them. The local Populations of the New World were holding them up. They before long started a battle of deliberate anhilation of the Natives. Conquistadors before long rushed from Spain to free the universe of these savages. Before long, Hernan Cortez had vanquished Mexico and the Aztecs, while Francisco Pizarro vanquished Peru and the Incans. The Spanish arsenal was far more prominent then that of the Indians, yet these voyagers had another weapon unquestionabl y increasingly unrivaled. The weapon they had was known as malady, which incorporated the Small Pox and measles. Their prize for achieving their objective was the huge abundance of the social orders and the enormous amounts of gold and silver that their territories held. They likewise aquired captives to work in the estates and settlements they were beginning. At long last, Spain had command over grounds in Northern, Central, and Southern America, just as the Philippines.      Parallel to Spain, ... ...ged. The unclear contrasts between the two were practically unnoticeable and were frequently ignored. Their Caribbean fortresses stayed autonomous however, and the Dutch participated in the slave exchange to advance the sugar stick exchange.      The Age of Exploration was a time of investigation, yet additionally a time of tremendous change. The savage rivalry present right now achieved another type of economy called the Mercantile System. The Mercantile System was a monetary framework dependent on exacting administrative guidelines of a nation’s economy. The objectives of such a framework were to build solidarity, influence, riches, and independence through the gathering of bullion, the great parity of exchange, the foundation of exchange imposing business models, the advancement of horticulture and assembling techniques, lastly, the colonizing of different terrains. Making these achievements conceivable, however, was the progression of innovation, strict way of thinking, and singularity do to the edification in the fifteenth and sixteenth hundreds of years. The potential outcomes were huge, and in light of these goals, the countries of Europe set sail to overcome the world.  â â â â

IT for Users in Organizations

IT for Users in Organizations Presentation Advances in IT have altered the manner in which business is directed in numerous associations. Makers and buyers would now be able to get to an assortment of merchandise and ventures from anyplace on the planet without the limitations of geological areas or time zones( Leavilt, 2009).Advertising We will compose a custom report test on IT for Users in Organizations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More One Of the major legitimate issues originating from utilization of Information and innovation in business associations is the idea of distributed computing. Distributed computing alludes to the act of putting away information on data frameworks that are constrained by outsiders utilizing remote servers. The information would then be able to be promptly gotten to utilizing the web. Prior to the approach of distributed computing, customers needed to interface with numerous servers in their business association and they could just interface on every server ind ependently. Distributed computing tackled this issue by permitting all servers and applications inside a system to be incorporated and to work as a solitary element. It in this manner prompted speed and more effectiveness in the administration of assets. Lump registering is offered through three significant stages: Iaas (Infrastructure as an assistance); SaaS (Software as a Service); and PaaS (Platform as a Service) (Ruiter, 2009). IaaS is the least difficult and most effortless since it permits association of equipment through web interfaces. Paas gives a stage to clients to create and actualize their own product and offer it however web interfaces. Saas gives applications introduced on a remote PC, which clients can without much of a stretch access. Business associations can build up their own PC cloud administrations or recruit CSPs (Cloud Service Providers) to do as such. Distributed computing would thus be able to be arranged into four general classifications: Public mists, hal f breed mists, Private inner mists, and private outside mists. The security and protection concerns experienced by customers of a business association rely upon the sort of distributed computing innovation being utilized. Out in the open mists, administrations are acquired through a CSP situated outside e association. The CSP has the equipment of various associations. Along these lines, an association applies next to no influence over the protection of information. Private outside mists despite everything depend on a CSP yet the CSP has just the organization’s equipment consequently the security is somewhat improved. For private inward mists, the association doesn't depend on a CSP and it oversees data through a private server farm. In half breed mists, the diverse cloud types are joined (Bull, 2001, p. 240).Advertising Looking for report on it? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The utilization of distributed computing in business associations have raised Legal issues relating to secrecy, protection, and security of individual information. This is especially comparable to private money related data and monetary exchanges. In the event that programmers or different malevolent outsiders can access such significant data, it would have destroying impacts for the customers, clients, staff and without a doubt the whole business association. This paper looks to investigate the issues related with distributed computing, outcomes, and potential answers for the issue. Contextual analysis In April 2011, Amazon’s cloud framework experienced two assaults. Programmers utilized the Amazon cloud to assault the Sony’s company online theater setup. Significant media enterprises detailed the case. The programmers utilized a phony record for the assault and afterward leased a server on Amazon’s cloud administration. They had the option to access and bargain essential data identifying with more t han 100 million clients. The assault was portrayed by IT specialists as being very sosiphicated and expertly executed (Martin, 2000, p.42). The programmers didn't need to go to outrageous proportions of breaking into Amazon’s remote servers. They enlisted like any authentic association trying to recruit Amazon’s administration as a Cloud Service Provider (CSP). They just utilized phony subtleties implying that the ability of numerous CSPs to verify data is frail since they can't recognize counterfeit subtleties from legitimate ones. Amazon employs out cloud space to other cloud specialist organizations so they can offer the types of assistance without buying their own servers. The assault brought about a drop of both Amazon’s and Sony’s shares in the stock trade showcase. The programmers were additionally ready to get to charge card records, charge records and general individual data of more than 100 million Sony clients. Sony’s Play station and Qr iocity systems slammed and slowed down because of the attack.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on IT for Users in Organizations explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reaction taken included, giving the FBI a background marked by exchanges on the cloud with the goal that they could attempt to recognize the programmer. This would be done through approving the web address, the installment data and the particular charge card, which had been utilized. The Sony Corporation was summoned by New York’s Attorney General to give further clarification. The FBI additionally summoned Amazon. Sony likewise offered clients free yearly assurance structure wholesale fraud. Clients were encouraged to introduce and refresh their enemy of infection and hostile to spyware programming and to constantly refresh the internet browsers they are utilizing. The clients were cautioned against tapping on joins on their messages and sharing passwords on the internet. Amaz on additionally vowed to overhaul the cloud information security limit, and invigorated the whole VPN framework. Conversation The privilege to security has been pronounced an essential human right (Gellman, 2009). Most national enactments and worldwide human right instruments have revered the privilege to protection in their national authoritative strategies. The financial hypothesis expresses that business arrangements are formed by the inclinations of the purchasers. Buyers decide the piece of the pie that an organization appreciates and the bigger the piece of the overall industry, the higher the company’s benefits. As outlined by our representation, the assault on Sony’s online theater setup prompted a decrease in the estimation of its offers in the stock trade. Business associations ought to know about the security gives that accompany distributed computing administrations. There is have to guarantee security, classification and accessibility of the information (R egan, 2004, p.481).There must be a high level of straightforwardness on disconnection and insurance of buyer information. Substantial dependence on internet browsers by CPSs implies that the security disappointment of the program will prompt break o the security of the information put away by the cloud specialist co-op. Before deciding on distributed computing, a business association must place into thought the feasibility of its application to deal with cloud information, the expense of the existence cycle and the progress (Weinhardt, et al., 2004).Advertising Searching for report on it? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Information put away in a cloud must be made sure about from outsiders and the outer world. There is no ensured security of cloud information and outsiders are effectively capable o break into the framework as outlined by our contextual investigation. Since CSPs are discovered all over subsequently, the globe clients can't have the option to decide the specific area of their information (Gellman, 2009). Where information is circulated in numerous focuses, it gets hard to examine the exchanges in the cloud and distinguish potential guilty parties. For example, Amazon couldn't recognize the people who hacked into Sony’s online theater setup. Protection dangers exude from the absence of laws keeping customers from revealing certain private data to CSPs. Data that clients dislike to uncover to a cloud effectively ends up in cloud space with inconvenient outcomes. Clients once in a while overlook perusing the terms of administration and protection of the cloud supplier (Bull, 2001, p.242). The circumstance is additionally muddled by the way that there are no laws overseeing trans-fringe transmission of private information (Ruiter, 2009). The CSPs, for example, Google Docs and Amazon don't give clear data on how they mean to utilize the data gave by the client. The suppliers al draft arrangements terms of utilization without talking with the buyers. The Cloud specialist organizations may likewise singularly hinder a client from getting to their information with no elective way to recuperate it. As of now CSPs use SSl (Secure Socket Layer) innovation, confirmation conventions and computerized marks, all of which have demonstrated ineffectual in protecting shopper information since they have been assaulted by programmers. The physical area of a CSP has been recognized as a significant angle in authorizing protection guidelines (Leavilt, 2009, p.17).This is to decide the nation or state which has locale if there should be an occurrence of penetrate of the securit y of private information. Redistributing singular information to a CSP represents the best risk to a person’s protection. The CSP for example Amazon truly has and controls the information while the customer for example Sony is responsible for inability to conform to protection guidelines. The security arrangements depended upon by CSPs incorporate encryption of information, firewalls, the executives of access and recognition of interruption. The information security rely upon the kind of cloud that is being utilized. The information may likewise be revealed to outsiders, for example, government organizations and advertisers without the owner’s consent.CSPs themselves don't know about the security laws that they should conform to. A few arrangements have been recommended as methods for managing the protection and security issues presented by distributed computing. Endorsers ought to be qualified for end the administration

A New Generation of Native American Writers Critical Linking, February 26

A New Generation of Native American Writers Critical Linking, February 26 Sponsored by  Everything is Horrible and Wonderful by Stephanie Wittels Wachs Terese Marie Mailhot,  whose new memoir,  Heart Berries, came out this month, hates “poet voice.” If you’ve ever been to a poetry reading, or attended a creative writing class, or even just listened to Garrison Keillor’s  The Writer’s Almanac  on the radio, you know what she’s talking about. Poet voice is sincere yet disaffected, a droning melody of self-importance. It is the standard, emulated by thousands of poets, essayists, and fiction writers, popularized and codified by creative writing programs across the nation. And like so many of those programs, it is extremely white. In this way, it’s a tidy metaphor for the way whiteness â€" and expectations for what writing should sound like â€" still dominates the writing world. This is an excellent profile of two new Native American authors. Go buy their books! Cooks, cookbook lovers, food enthusiasts, and food eaters, gather ‘round!  The Piglet Tournament of Cookbooks is ready to rumble. Below, you’ll find our list of the 16 cookbooks that absolutely knocked our socks off in 2017, as well as the judges who will be vetting them. From now through April, these books will be going head-to-head in what promises to be an intense competition. A cookbook tournament!  I never read text that addressed [depression] in my community. There was never a character that I could point to and say that was someone who is experiencing this condition. I wanted it to be healing for girls of color because it is normal to experience depression. And [I want them to know] that there is help. Latina teens have really high suicide rates and no one ever talks about it. I wanted to bring attention to that issue. Another great author profile, this time of Erika L. Sánchez. Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Alabama Juvenile Justice - Free Essay Example

The American juvenile justice system was founded on and guided by the principles of reform and rehabilitation; over 100 years ago, the first juvenile court in the United States was created to improve a criminal justice system which, at the time, did not have a way of helping wayward youth. However, before a string of juvenile delinquency cases in the 1960s, in particular the 1967 In re Gault case, children did not share the same legal rights or due process as adults and were often placed in adult prisons. In re Gault shaped the framework of the juvenile justice system by establishing the same rights as adults for juveniles (State Profiles: Alabama). The juvenile justice system as we know it today is very different from the adult system. The goal for the juvenile justice system is rehabilitation, while the goal for the criminal justice system is punishment. In the state of Alabama, many policies currently in place within the juvenile justice system often negatively impact the youth that system is meant to help reform. Overuse of the correctional system and misuse of funds and resources are issues that the state juvenile justice system faces. Placing one juvenile delinquent in a detention facility or out-of-home placement can cost the state up to $160,000 (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency); in 2015, 849 youths were being held in detention centers (State-by-State Data). Thats approximately $135,840,000 for that year alone. In Alabama, despite juvenile complaints declining, the number of detained youths has increased by 6 percent since 2012. It was also found that low-level misdemeanors, such as shoplifting or truancy, were f requently given the most severe responses (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). Though some progress is being made, the Alabama juvenile justice system has a number of inefficient and ineffective policies which can have a harmful effect on the juveniles within it. In the 19th century, the United States of America began to establish the juvenile justice system as we know it. In Alabama, the same year as In re Gault, Alabama Governor Wallace created a youth committee with the goal of preventing juvenile delinquency, which was eventually followed up by the addition of the Alabama Department of Youth Services, or DYS. This banned non-licensed facilities in state and allowed the construction of state-regulated and licensed facilities. In 1974, Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act which separated juveniles from adults and banned the institutionalization of youth for offenses that would not be crimes if they were adults (Barnes). Alabama then enacted the Alabama Juvenile Justice Act in 1975, to aid the goal of rehabilitation, protection and care of youth within the court while also maintaining the safety and protection of the public (US, Alabama Admin. Office of Courts). This bill has gone through a number of reforms, notably in 2 003, 2008 and, most recently, in 2018. The Alabama juvenile justice system is a work in progress. As it currently stands, resources are not being used efficiently and certain policies are not only ineffective but harmful to the youths they are meant to help. In December of 2017, the Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force was put together to review the state juvenile justice system. According to the Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force Final Report, their findings discovered that juvenile complaints have shrunk but not out-of-home placement, most of the youths in the system are low-level youths, the length of supervision on probation has doubled regardless of offense, and there is a lack of resources to meet the needs of kids in several areas. The report states that Alabama has seen an increase in the usage of out-of-home placement, or removing youths from their homes and putting them in the DYS-funded facilities. The number of juvenile complaints has gone down 27 percent since 2012, but detained youth has increased by 6 perce nt. Studies reviewed by the Task Force found that out-of-home placements increase the likelihood of recidivism, and overall do not improve results for the youths in the system. Racial disparities were also found while examining the increase in detention, which are maintained when compared to complaints and out-of-home placements for juveniles who committed misdemeanors. As stated in the Final Report, A larger share of black youth are placed in detention, out-of-home diversion, and DYS custody than their share of the overall youth population[they] also receive a disproportionately high share of dispositions to DYS custody when compared to their share of initial complaints. The juvenile courts of Alabama have the authority to place any juvenile out of home for virtually any offense; nearly 2/3 of detained juveniles were committed for non-felonies and technical violations (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). The most severe punishments and system responses are dealt to youths who committed low-level crimes and misdemeanors. Research has shown that the majority of youth are not on the path to become adult criminals, and that they can behaviorally improve with the proper support and care (AL Juvenile Justice Task Force Report Is Progress). The high detention and incarceration rates in Alabama lead to a higher risk of future delinquent behavior without rehabilitation; placing non-violent juveniles with violent juvenile offenders like this increases the chances of recidivism and committing a violent crime later on in life (Bonds). The Final Report revealed that the largest amount of juvenile complaints was found to be truancy, and the majority of the cases in the system are misdemeanor offenses. In 2016, 71 percent of these complaints were low-level misdemeanors. Interestingly, as stated in the report, the amount of truancy complaints has nearly doubled over the last ten years to more than 30 percent, despite ALSDE data showing that the truancy rate has not inc reased. Many in the juvenile justice system in Alabama are low-level offenders whose offenses include actions such as theft, truancy or getting into fights at school. The length of probation supervision in Alabama has increased by more than double the median length since 2009. Despite research indicating that the odds of revocation and additional involvement with the juvenile justice system are higher with longer supervision terms, the median length of probation dispositions rose for all types, including an increase of 111% for misdemeanants (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). Strict probation conditions see a relatively high number of juveniles who remain under probation supervision for a long time due to minor violations for things such as fines and court fees. According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 24.3 percent of Alabamas juvenile population in 2016 were living in poverty (Juvenile Justice State Profile). As stated in the Task Forces Final Report, in Alabama court fines and fees are becoming more common, which can lead to higher risk of recommitting offenses in the future, further time in the justice sys tem, and aggravate racial disparities. This is particularly true for juveniles from poor families. This is incompatible with the juvenile justice systems goal of rehabilitation, and when these children cannot pay their financial obligations, their probation can be lengthened, or they can be placed in a detention facility (AL Juvenile Justice Task Force Report Is Progress). On average, the collection rates of these fees are low†5 percent of court costs and 15 percent of restitution†yet more than three quarters of Juvenile Probation Officers, or JPOs, reported that these financial obligations had to be payed before the juveniles could be discharged from probation. Technical violations are also a big factor in the lengthening of probation times; one juvenile in an out-of-home diversion program reported that she was meant to get off her probation earlier, but she was sent home for wearing inappropriate clothing, and her JPO gave her three more months (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). The Final Report reveals that Alabama does not have statewide standards for both the conditions and length of probation supervision nor does it have a statutory limit or statewide guidance on the amount of financial obligations by the court, aside from a 250$ limit for disposition fines. In many places within Alabama, particularly rural areas, resources are being used inefficiently or are unavailable to judges JPOs and district attorneys which can aid the process of rehabilitating and reforming juveniles as well as the juvenile justice system. Despite Alabamas high usage of out-of-placement programs, studies have found that community-based programs modeled to diminish recidivism create better outcomes in terms of public safety and care for juveniles (Lowenkamp). In the Final Report, two thirds of JPO respondents reported that there were not enough resources to meet the needs of the juveniles under their care. Youth within the Alabama juvenile justice system also voiced the need for effective in-home interventions, such as family therapy. High quality community-based services for probational juveniles are chiefly unavailable in Alabama, and those that are available are not required to be modeled to lower the rate of reoffences nor are they monitored for quality, the T ask Force reported on their Final Report. On top of the lack of programs, obstacles for juveniles receiving community-based services include extensive wait lists, transportation blocks, and high costs for families. A significant amount of state and county spending in Alabama is used for out-of-home placement programs which are proven to fail to reduce the number of reoffences. In fact, they cost up to 91 times more than probation. Exacerbating this is the fact that Alabamas juvenile justice system does not have oversight nor culpability; the state does not keep track of recidivism in either the juvenile justice system nor the criminal justice system. Thus there is little accountability for the state resources that go into out-of-home programs and little to ensure system oversight and improved outcomes (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). In conclusion, resources are not being monitored or used efficiently, and thus are not giving the juveniles within the system the proper care they require. Fortunately, there are reforms being supported in the Alabama government, though they are still limited and mostly have yet to be enacted. The Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force came up with a series of recommendations which, if passed, could address a number of issues their investigation discovered, and this year a Juvenile Justice Bill was passed by lawmakers. The Task Force has recommended the expansion of effective pre-court responses to prevent deeper juvenile justice system involvement and catch lower-level juveniles early, and to focus the costly use of detention or out-of-home placements on higher risk juveniles. The Task Force also recommended the limitation of restitution to material loss and to remove court costs for low-level youth. It also recommended increased training as well as the development of an improved system of accountability (US, Alabama Legislative Services Agency). The bill proposed in March is aimed at keeping low-level juveniles out of detention facilitie s and at home by limiting the number of offenses that puts juveniles into DYS custody, as well as reduce the time in detention that probation violations cause (Chandler). While these are substantial and necessary steps being taken, the state of Alabamas juvenile justice system still has a number of areas to address. The main goal of the juvenile justice system, nationwide, is the rehabilitation of the children within it. Alabama is one of few states that have a direct file statute which puts juveniles into adult courts by the choice of a prosecutor and not judicial oversight. There is also the transfer statute, which allows juveniles from 14 to 17 years old to be transferred to the adult courts (AL Juvenile Justice Task Force Report Is Progress). Once a youth is tried in the adult courts, Alabama law states that the juvenile courts jurisdiction over that youths future delinquent or criminal acts is finished and the youth will henceforth always be tried as an adult regardless of age (State Profiles: Alabama). These laws conflict with the stated goal of reformation that is the foundation of the juvenile justice system. Children are not as physically, socially and mentally developed as adults, and having a system that detains kids with adult offenders is destructive to the youth and increases their chances of committing more crimes later in life. As stated by the Southern Poverty Law Center in an article titled, Alabama Juvenile Justice Task Force is Progress, but More Needed, Childrens safety is endangered, their behavior worsens from exposure to the adult system, and they receive none of the educational or rehabilitative services they need to become productive citizens upon release. Alabama is beginning to see reformation of its juvenile justice system but there is still a ways to go.* Concurring with the juvenile justice systems aim of rehabilitation, I believe a trauma-informed care model for community programs is a necessity. Juveniles in the juvenile justice system are increasingly likely to have mental health issues as opposed to those in the general population (Hoeve). Dr. Julian Ford, a clinical psychologist and professor of psychiatry and law at the University of Connecticut, states as much as two thirds of teenagers have experienced some type of trauma, but that number increases to nearly 100 percent for teenagers living in conditions of violence, poverty, neglect, racism or discrimination based on gender, gender identity or disability. In the juvenile justice system, juveniles have frequently experienced polyvictimization, being victimized multiple times, as well as other childhood stressors such as familial separation or dysfunction. Up to 65-75 percent of youths within the system require care to recover from PTSD as well as a range of related issues whi ch include eating disorders, exploitation, substance abuse, sexual abuse, dissociative, anxiety, etc. There is evidence that mental health issues could increase the likelihood of reoffences, and that substance abuse, behavioral issues, anxiety and stress are linked with recidivism (Hoeve). As opposed to practices which label and treat traumatized juveniles as irredeemable or mentally deformed, a trauma-informed care model provides evidence-based treatment designed to aid the healing process and help juveniles overcome traumatic stress reactions (Ford). The National Child Traumatic Stress Network outlined 8 essential element of a trauma-informed juvenile justice system, which includes trauma informed policies and procedures, identification/screening of youth who have been traumatized, clinical assessment and intervention for traumatized youth, trauma-informed programming, education of staff and resources, prevention and management of secondary traumatic stress, partnering with youth and families, trauma-informed cross system collaboration and trauma-informed approaches to address disparities and diversity (Essential Elements). The benefits of creating a trauma-informed juvenile justice system not only include potentially substantial long-term economic and social cost savings, but also help juveniles and families better understand trauma and its impact, as well as strengthen the safety net for children who have been traumatized through creating a basis for partnerships between systems which serve and protect children, not just the juvenile justice system but also education and child welfare systems (Trauma Among Youth in the Juvenile Justice System). A trauma-informed model educates people on the effects of trauma and paves the way for juveniles to recover and become functioning and successful citizens, thus bettering the publics safety and welfare. The Alabama juvenile justice system is a system with a number of pitfalls in the form of inefficient and harmful policies and procedures. Out-of-home placements have increased, despite research which contests the idea that this is an effective approach. The majority of juveniles within the system have committed low-level offenses which are receiving severe punishments, though this only increases their chances of recidivism and prolongs their involvement in the system. The lengths of probational supervision have increased dramatically regardless of offense, and mainly due to technical violations and financial obligations that cannot be met. There is also a lack of resources and services to properly address the needs of juveniles within the system, and funding is flowing to ineffective out-of-home placement programs. The Juvenile Justice Task Force has given a set of recommendations which could help change these issues, and a bill has recently been voted in that could decrease probatio nal supervision and the number of low-level offenders in detention. However, these are just the beginning stages of a reformation of the Alabama juvenile justice system, and I believe a trauma-informed care model is a necessary implementation to achieve the juvenile justice systems goal of rehabilitation.